Oral brooding (Anasterias antarctica) versus internal brooding (Diplopteraster verrucosus): Contrasting strategies of the brooded juveniles for full development
Palabras clave:
Embryos, Sea stars, Oxidative Metabolism, Energy DensityResumen
Both sea star species in this study are brooders from the South Atlantic. Anasterias antarctica displays a complex reproductive cycle involving incubation during eight or nine months and it broods its offspring over the mouth, while Diplopteraster verrucosus displays continuous reproduction and broods its offspring in nidamental chambers under the dermis. We collected A. antarctica in May, August, and November (beginning, mid and late incubation) from Parque Nacional Tierra del Fuego (Tierra del Fuego AeIAS, Argentina), while D. verrucosus was collected at three Oceanographic Research Cruises at Namuncurá Marine Protected Area/ Burdwood Bank I and II. We measured general parameters of oxidative metabolism (reactive oxygen species “ROS” and total antioxidant capacity “TAC”), energy density, and energy content in three different stages during offspring development. In the case of A. antarctica, energy depletion, increasing ROS and constant TAC levels at the late development stage could act as a developmental constraint and trigger the independence of juveniles. Similarly, in D. verrucosus juveniles, which exhibit extra embryonic maternal nutrition, despite the continued increase in energy, the antioxidants present in this kind of nutrition do not counteract the ROS generated by the metabolic rise.
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